Miguel Primo de Rivera: The Spanish Dictator Who Ruled Between Two Eras

Miguel Primo de Rivera was a Spanish general who seized power in a 1923 coup and ruled Spain as dictator until 1930, suspending the constitution and running the country through military and civil directorates. His authoritarian regime modernized infrastructure but failed to solve Spain's deeper political and economic problems, and his fall paved the way for the Second Republic and the rise of his own son as a Falangist leader.